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:''This article deals with the regional variety; "Hochdeutsch" or "High German" is also used in the sense of Standard German.'' The High German languages or High German dialects ((ドイツ語:Hochdeutsche Dialekte)) comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Luxembourg as well as in neighboring portions of Belgium (Eupen-Malmedy) and the Netherlands (Southeast Limburg), France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy (South Tyrol), and Poland (Upper Silesia). They are also spoken in diaspora in Romania, Russia, the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, and Namibia. The High German languages are marked by the High German consonant shift, separating them from Low German and Low Franconian (Dutch) within the continental West Germanic dialect continuum. ==Classification== As a technical term, the "high" in High German is a geographical reference to the group of dialects that forms "High German" (i.e. "Highland" German), out of which developed Standard German, Yiddish and Luxembourgish. It refers to the Central Uplands (''Mittelgebirge'') and Alpine areas of central and southern Germany, it also includes Luxembourg, Austria, Liechtenstein and most of Switzerland. This is opposed to Low German, which is spoken on the lowlands and along the flat sea coasts of the North German Plain.〔See the definition of "high" in the Oxford English Dictionary (Concise Edition): "... situated far above ground, sealevel, etc; upper, inland, as ... High German".〕 High German in this broader sense can be subdivided into Upper German (''Oberdeutsch'', this includes the Austrian and Swiss German dialects), Central German (''Mitteldeutsch'', this includes Luxembourgish, which itself is now a standard language), and High Franconian which is a transitional dialect between the two.〔Russ, Charles. The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey. Routledge, 1989〕 High German (in the broader sense) is distinguished from other West Germanic varieties in that it took part in the High German consonant shift (c. AD 500). To see this, compare English/Low German (Low Saxon) ''pan/Pann'' with Standard German ''Pfanne'' ( to ), English/Low German ''two/twee'' with Standard German ''zwei'' ( to ), English/Low German ''make/maken'' with Standard German ''machen'' ( to ).〔Robinson, Orrin. Old English and its Closest Relatives. Routledge, 1994.〕 In the southernmost High Alemannic dialects, there is a further shift; ''Sack'' (like English/Low German "sack/Sack") is pronounced ( to ). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「High German languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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